https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70131

Nutrient-rich lakes are highly susceptible to cyanobacterial blooms. During blooms, the consumption of dissolved inorganic nutrients can be rapid, but nitrogen (N) limitation can be mitigated through N2 fixation by cyanobacterial diazotrophs. Despite the importance of N2 fixation in many blooms, key gaps remain in our spatial and temporal understanding of N2 fixation. We explored the trajectory of cyanobacterial bloom development by assessing phytoplankton community dynamics, N2 fixation rates and physical and chemical conditions in a shallow, polymictic and eutrophic lake. Using high-frequency sensors and discrete-sampling measurements, we characterised the phases of the bloom and determined the importance of N2 fixation to bloom development across one open water season. The pre-bloom phase (defined as the period prior to rapid growth and biomass accrual) saw increases in cyanobacterial biomass (predominantly diazotrophic Dolichospermum flos-aquae), associated with annual maxima of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and water temperature. Ammonium in surface water reached a peak leading up to the major bloom, following a period of stratification. With the onset of the bloom phase, high rates of N2 fixation (up to 3.7??g?L?1?h?1) were observed in surface water (0.1 or 0.3?m depth) during transient thermal stratification events which coincided with peak cyanobacterial biomass and peak N2 fixation rates. Midway through the major bloom phase, as water temperatures and PAR decreased, we observed a shift from high biomass dominated by diazotrophs to lower biomass dominated by non-diazotrophic taxa, predominantly the lower-light adapted taxa Planktothrix agardhii. Nuisance surface scums are often associated with blooms in this lake and were observed across all bloom phases, although scums were most prevalent during the major bloom phase, often co-occurring with stratification. Interestingly, taxa that dominated scums differed from the taxa that dominated the shallow water column, with Dolichospermum flos-aquae-dominated surface scums seen atop Planktothrix agardhii-dominated phytoplankton communities at 0.3?m, indicative of fine-scale niche differentiation. Surface scums displayed a very high potential for N2 fixation reflecting the potential for scum formation to lead to biogeochemical hotspots and hot moments. Scum events with their extremely high rates of N2 fixation represent an under-studied biogeochemical hotspot that may help sustain bloom conditions. Cyanobacterial blooms demonstrate extremely high spatial and temporal variability, changing in response to environmental drivers, and driven by changes caused by blooms themselves. Scums, an understudied, but frequently observed symptom of cyanobacterial blooms, can represent sites of extreme variability, and extreme biological activity, influencing bloom dynamics through potential for extremely high rates of N2 fixation.

Funding: This work was supported by: the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Global Water Futures (Canada First Research Excellence Fund), and the University of Saskatchewan.

https://doi.org/10.1111/fwb.70131